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Synchronisation is one of the most critical functions of a communication system; however, in the context of 5G, especially for Time Division Duplex (TDD) where both uplink and downlink transmission is on the same frequency, the possibility of interference is much more significant. As a result, we see more stringent requirements for timing and synchronisation for both TDD LTE and 5G-NR. In this paper we will discuss the relationship of TDD, timing and synchronisation, and frame synchronisation especially for 5G TDD deployments.

Passive intermodulation (PIM) has been one of the most common and recurrent problems in cellular networks, particularly in mobile services with a frequency division duplex (FDD) communication mode where PIM signals interfere with mobile transmissions (uplink).

Breakthrough technologies that are integral to 5G, such as Massive MIMO, network slicing, beamforming and network function virtualization (NFV) necessitate phased approaches to 5G deployment, as well as significant investment, with telecom companies expected to spend upwards of $300 billion on 5G network deployment over the next decade. This monumental task lends itself to a wide variety of strategies and options, each with inherent benefits and drawbacks. 

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